[Transfer] A brief discussion on Buddhism

By the way, the shallowness of talking about Buddhism should have nothing to do with the shallowness of this forum


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�����������Μ挲����Ψpartridgeё魑� Major social phenomena in human history are closely related to philosophy, but there are still obvious differences between them. This article demonstrates the differences and connections between Buddhism and philosophy based on the differences between Buddhism and metaphysics, idealism and Buddhism.
Keywords: Buddhism; philosophy; ideology
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam are also known as the three major religions in the world. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to China in the 10th year of Yongping Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has had a considerable impact on our country's philosophy, literature, art and social customs. It once formed a scene of the fusion of Buddhism and Mysticism, which has long-term influence on the spiritual world of the Chinese nation.
Buddhism is a major social phenomenon in human history. It is both a religious belief and a cultural ideology. It is also a religious thought in the form of philosophy. Its basic purpose is to illustrate the rationality of Buddhist concepts and the necessity of Buddhist life. The abstract rational thinking ability of philosophy and the mysterious religious way of thinking of Buddhism made Buddhism inseparable from the introduction of Buddhism to China.
1 The connection and difference between philosophy and Buddhism
First of all, philosophy and Buddhism influence each other and grow together. Philosophy and Buddhism, which is one of the religions, are both cultural phenomena of human society, and both are superstructures far away from the socio-economic foundation. Since philosophy and Buddhism are on the same level of ideology, they can easily transition to each other and include each other in the interaction. Philosophy and Buddhism are both worldviews. As worldviews, Buddhism and philosophy must provide models of the universe and basic principles for understanding and explaining the world to guide and regulate people's cognitive activities and behaviors. As the highest form of rational thinking, philosophy requires exploring the origin, general nature and universal laws of the world from behind intuitive perceptual phenomena. People can explore various issues and the ultimate issues of the world from a rational perspective. The basic Buddhist propositions about the origin of the world are also irrational. For example, the Buddhist theory of dependent origination uses the combination of causes and conditions to explain the generation of all things in the universe. It regards the phenomena of all things as the product of certain relationships and conditions, believes that the law of cause and effect is a universal law in the universe, and denies the existence of the Creator. The main purpose of the Theory of Dependent Origination is to explain the doctrine that "all dharmas have no self and all dharmas are impermanent" and that "the sea of ​​suffering is boundless, and you can only find a shore when you turn back", thereby directly linking the cosmology and the Buddhist outlook on life. Buddhism transcends the boundaries of eras and nations. The reason why it can spread across history and countries is because Buddhism studies old age, sickness and death and eradicates the pain of birth, old age, sickness and death. In the stage of development, human beings always seek upward will, but this nature is always in conflict with the real suffering. To solve this problem, religion must be used to shoulder the responsibility. Buddhism attributes life, old age, illness and death to one's own heart, and seeks a way out from the spiritual aspect. It emphasizes the care and adjustment of the body and mind, and adopts cultivation methods to alleviate this problem. After Buddhism was introduced to China, the teachings were changing, and many sects, teachings, and teaching styles were produced, and there were ambiguities. However, the fundamental purpose was still the problem that Sakyamuni wanted to solve when he became a monk: "If I continue to be born, grow old, sick, and die, and be sad and miserable, I will never return to the palace." "I want to seek relief from all events, so I became a monk and practiced Taoism."
Philosophy is also an ideology in real life. It is a kind of great wisdom, the wisdom of reflection and the wisdom of change. The great life value of philosophy can only be expressed in what Marx called "the essence of the spirit of the times." As the social self-consciousness of "meaning", philosophy has great life value for contemporary mankind, which is to provide comprehensive response, critical reflection, normative correction and ideal guidance to the "meaning crisis" of the times. Therefore, true philosophy is not only the "reflection and expression", "summarization and generalization" of the spirit of the times, but more importantly, the "reflection and representation", "shaping and guidance" of the spirit of the times.It uses its own new questions, new ways of asking, and new pursuits of new questions to critically reflect on the significance of the times of human life, and to theoretically represent the contradictions and confusions, ideals and choices of human life, thereby shaping and guiding the new spirit of the times.
This shows that the difference between philosophy and Buddhism is that philosophy is based on devout beliefs and complicated rules and precepts, but is based on rational speculation and logical argumentation to answer questions about the world and outlook on life, while Buddhism is essentially irrational. But it must rely on the power of rational thinking to establish and consolidate its beliefs.
2 Convergence of Buddhism and Metaphysics
Since Buddhism was introduced to China and absorbed the mystical thoughts of Chinese philosophy and metaphysics, its so-called three schools of doctrines of basic nothingness, mindlessness, and form coincide with the three schools of metaphysics: nobility, worship, and independence. Mahayana Prajna Buddhism believes that everything in the universe is caused by causes and conditions, so it has no self-nature, no entity, and is empty. Philosophically speaking, this is a question of the authenticity and eternity of objective things, a question of the relationship between ontology and phenomena, and a fundamental question of cosmology and ontology. Wang Bi's Guiju believes that all things are unified in a common ontology, which is "Tao" (or "nothing"). The reason why all things in the world can exist is because of this ontology. The various things in the world are manifestations of this ontology. The various things in the world (you) are just phenomena (mo), and among these phenomena, there is a more fundamental thing that determines the existence of all things. Dao'an, the most knowledgeable Buddhist scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, devoted his life to sorting out the classics and distinguishing authenticity. He compiled a catalog of Buddhist books, organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and provided more materials for the spread and development of Buddhism. His understanding of "emptiness" in Buddhism is basically similar to Wang Bi's metaphysics of "original nothingness, ultimate existence" and "noble nothingness" thoughts of "worshiping the origin and rest". Daoan talks about everything. The formation and change of objects are "from nature", and there is no "creator" ("How can there be a creator?"). This is much more clever than religious teachings that simply believe that the world is created by a creator with a personal god. Huiyuan is a disciple of Dao'an, and he further develops Dao'an's "original nothingness" theory. He believes that the occurrence and change of all things are rooted in spiritual and emotional activities, such as If emotions do not occur, there will be no emergence or change of all things. Therefore, he said: "If there is spirit, there will be emotion in transformation, and if there is no spirit, there will be emotion in transformation. If there is no emotion in transformation, it will be born and die. Life cannot be caused by emotion, so the form and decay will be transformed and destroyed. If there is emotion in transformation, things will move when they feel them, and movement must be based on emotion, so they will continue to exist." To prevent emotions from happening, you must understand that the nature of all things and even human beings is illusory and unreal. , that is, "originally nothing". He said that the creation of all things is a temporary combination of various "causes and conditions", and there is no independent nature. Therefore, although it is said to be "existence", it is actually "nothing". This is exactly the same as the thought of metaphysician Wang Bi. There are many monks and scholars who have pushed the phenomenon of "Buddhism and Metaphysics" to the extreme. I will not go into details here. 3 The difference between philosophical idealism and Buddhism
Plato's philosophy is the largest idealist philosophical system in the West. The highest level of his ideal theory is the idea of good, and good is God. He believed that there is a sun that dominates all things in the world, so his ideal world also has a master, that is God. First, from the content point of view, idealism is an inversion of the relationship between consciousness and matter, and its inversion is completed and demonstrated with logical thinking. The content. It recognizes the primary significance of consciousness to matter, and the way of reflection is rational and realistic, while Buddhism is an inversion of the relationship between human nature and human existence, and it is the belief and worship of superhuman power. It uses illusory imagination to replace the real existence and deifies the inverted world. The way of reflection is rational and unrealistic. Secondly, from the source, the nature of the two inversions is different.Philosophical idealism originates from people's interest in and need for answers to the question of the origin of the world since ancient times. It is the result of consciously solving the problem of the relationship between consciousness and matter. Therefore, its inversion is rooted in epistemology, and is an error in the understanding of reality caused by errors in epistemological methods. Philosophical idealism is an inverted reflection of reality. The eradication of philosophical idealism must be gradually achieved through the improvement of thinking and cognitive abilities. The fundamental purpose of Buddhism is still the problem that Sakyamuni wanted to solve when he became a monk, to get rid of all kinds of suffering caused by birth, old age, illness and death, and to get rid of the fundamental problems caused by the established way of life of human beings. Chinese Buddhists use three words to represent this purpose: "life", "life" and "death". "Life and death" are the roots of all suffering. If life and death cannot be ended, all suffering will be endless. If life and death are not ended, all suffering will be gone.
In summary, Buddhist theory and philosophical thought are both interconnected and different from each other. They provide us with a different ideological perspective, from which we can obtain different spiritual enjoyment. Buddhist theological speculation, the cycle of life and death, and the mysterious thoughts of karma and retribution attract most people to capture its existence, and people with philosophical ideas have high awareness, lofty tolerance and elegant demeanor.